{"id":33615,"date":"2023-09-05T01:12:51","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T01:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/danielsmarketingblc.com\/CuratedProducts\/?p=33615"},"modified":"2023-09-05T01:12:51","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T01:12:51","slug":"study-characterizes-sars-cov-2-subvariants-to-tell-development-of-next-generation-covid-19-vaccines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/danielsmarketingblc.com\/CuratedProducts\/2023\/09\/05\/study-characterizes-sars-cov-2-subvariants-to-tell-development-of-next-generation-covid-19-vaccines\/","title":{"rendered":"Study characterizes SARS-CoV-2 subvariants to tell development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<div id=\"body-8d8086b0-4ea4-436f-a732-fe87c41c60e3\" itemprop=\"articleBody\">\n<p>In a recent preprint posted to the\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2023.08.30.555188v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bioRxiv<\/a><\/em>* server, researchers characterised two novel XBB variants, EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3, with the previous on the right track to change into the dominant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"contentImage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2023.08.30.555188v1.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><meta itemprop=\"url\" content=\"https:\/\/d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net\/images\/news\/ImageForNews_757975_16938352568597697.jpg\"><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2000\"><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1125\"><meta itemprop=\"caption\" content=\"Study characterizes SARS-CoV-2 subvariants to inform development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines\"><span itemprop=\"thumbnail\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><meta itemprop=\"url\" content=\"https:\/\/d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net\/image-handler\/ts\/20230904094739\/ri\/200\/src\/images\/news\/ImageForNews_757975_16938352568597697.jpg\"><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"200\"><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"112\"><\/span><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"imageCaption\"><span style=\"color:#999999;\"><em>Study: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2023.08.30.555188v1.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Immune Evasion and Membrane Fusion of SARS-CoV-2 XBB Subvariants EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3<\/a>. Image Credit: Kateryna Kon\/Shutterstock.com<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"preprint-disclaimer preprint-disclaimer-preliminary cta-full-width-p\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"cta-full-width-image-right\" src=\"https:\/\/d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net\/images\/pdf-dl-cta.png\" width=\"74\" height=\"74\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"cta-full-width-image-left\" src=\"https:\/\/d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net\/images\/pdf-dl-cta.png\" width=\"74\" height=\"74\"><strong>*Necessary notice: <\/strong> <em>bioRxiv<\/em> publishes preliminary scientific reports that are usually not peer-reviewed and, due to this fact, mustn&#8217;t be considered conclusive, guide clinical practice\/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.<\/p>\n<h2>Background<\/h2>\n<p>The unique Omicron variant arose globally in 2022 and shortly became the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant worldwide. The XBB sublineages of Omicron evolved in early 2023. XBB.2.3 evolved directly from the Omicron XBB sublineage, while EG.5.1 is an XBB.1.5 mutant.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The previous has two additional mutations in its spike (S), P521S within the receptor binding domain (RBD) and D253G within the N-terminal domain (NTD), while EG.5.1 has Q52H and F456L mutations within the NTD and RBD, respectively.<\/p>\n<p>All XBB variants, including XBB.2.3 and EG.5.1, exhibited higher immune evasion capabilities than Omicron, particularly against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/What-are-Neutralizing-Antibodies.aspx\" class=\"linked-term\">neutralizing antibodies<\/a> (nAbs) elicited by SARS-CoV-2 convalescence and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines based on the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) really useful including XBB subvariants in future iterations of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.<\/p>\n<p>Nonetheless, immune imprinting can impair vaccine <a href=\"https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/What-Does-Efficacy-Mean.aspx\" class=\"linked-term\">efficacy<\/a> against evolving variants. Thus, a three-dose vaccination series based on S of wildtype virus biases vaccine-elicited nAbs toward earlier lineages and impairs immune responses towards recently emerged Omicron sublineages.<\/p>\n<p>A bivalent mRNA booster vaccine based on wildtype and BA.4\/5 spikes enhances the immune response toward Omicron sublineages, albeit to a limited extent in comparison with a three-dose monovalent vaccine series.<\/p>\n<p>Some methods of counteracting immune imprinting include\u00a0administering extra doses of Omicron S-based mRNA vaccines or\u00a0exposure to Omicron infection. Nonetheless, there may be a must reconfigure current COVID-19 mRNA vaccination approaches.<\/p>\n<p><!-- end mobile middle mrec --><\/p>\n<p>As well as, continued surveillance efforts to characterize emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are critical.<\/p>\n<h2>Concerning the study<\/h2>\n<p>In the current study, researchers investigated S proteins of EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3 for infectivity, fusogenicity, and escape from nAbs in bivalent mRNA booster vaccinated sera, BA.4\/5- and XBB.1.5-wave convalescent sera using HEK293T-ACE2 and CaLu-3 cells, and sophistication III monoclonal antibody (mAb), S309.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, they compared these parameters to spikes from the ancestral D614G and Omicron subvariants BA.4\/5, XBB, XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16.<\/p>\n<h2>Results<\/h2>\n<p>As expected, bivalent mRNA vaccination elicited relatively low nAb titers against all XBB variants, especially EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3, than D614G and Omicron BA.4\/5 despite the presence of BA.4\/5 S on this vaccine formulation.<\/p>\n<p>The nAb response mainly targeted D614G, providing additional evidence of immune imprinting elicited by the monovalent mRNA vaccines.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>SARS-CoV-2 acquired many mutations in its evolutionary journey. Antigenic cartography evaluation has established antigenically distinct phenotypes of XBB sublineages, especially EG.5.1.<\/p>\n<p>Yet, encouragingly, bivalent mRNA vaccination continues to confer higher protection against reinfection than monovalent vaccinations and natural infection. The authors noted that XBB.1.5-F456L mutation enhanced the nAb escape of EG.5.1 in comparison with XBB.1.5.<\/p>\n<p>Molecular modeling demonstrated that F456L didn&#8217;t impact S-binding to S309 but likely decreased S-binding to class 1 SARS-CoV-2 mAbs, S2E12, consistent with the findings from recent studies.<\/p>\n<p>The vast majority of the bivalent vaccination cohort had breakthrough infections relative to the convalescent cohorts. XBB.1.5 infections broadened nAb titers against vaccines containing XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 spikes.<\/p>\n<p>From that logic, EG.5.1 S-containing mRNA vaccines usually tend to overcome immune imprinting and confer more immunity against XBB sublineages.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Although infectivity of XBB.2.3 and EG.5.1 was not significantly different from XBB variants in each cell lines tested, EG.5.1 infectivity was moderately higher in 293T-ACE2 cell lines but lesser in respiratory airway epithelial cell line CaLu-3.<\/p>\n<p>This alleviates concerns regarding its increased pathogenesis within the lungs. Moreover, the fusogenicity of their spikes was just like other XBB variants.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Molecular modeling revealed the effect of XBB.1.5-F456L mutation. The substitution of phenylalanine to leucine amino acid residue in XBB.1.5 S reduced the side chain size and increased the gap between its RBD and host ACE2 receptor, which resulted in diminished RBD-ACE2 affinity.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusions<\/h2>\n<p>To conclude, the present study found no\u00a0<em>in vitro<\/em>\u00a0evidence of the improved pathogenic potential of newly emerged XBB variants, EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3. Nonetheless, the necessity for\u00a0<em>in vivo<\/em>\u00a0and clinical evidence stays.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The inclusion of XBB-lineage variant spikes in latest mRNA vaccine formulations could enhance their effectiveness. There stays a necessity for continued surveillance efforts for these variants to tell decisions around next-generation COVID-19 vaccination strategies.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Some pharmaceutical firms have already proposed latest mRNA vaccine formulations containing XBB.1.5 S to the FDA, which can roll out in September 2023.<\/p>\n<p class=\"preprint-disclaimer preprint-disclaimer-preliminary cta-full-width-p\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"cta-full-width-image-right\" src=\"https:\/\/d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net\/images\/pdf-dl-cta.png\" width=\"74\" height=\"74\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"cta-full-width-image-left\" src=\"https:\/\/d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net\/images\/pdf-dl-cta.png\" width=\"74\" height=\"74\"><strong>*Necessary notice: <\/strong> <em>bioRxiv<\/em> publishes preliminary scientific reports that are usually not peer-reviewed and, due to this fact, mustn&#8217;t be considered conclusive, guide clinical practice\/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a recent preprint posted to the\u00a0bioRxiv* server, researchers characterised two novel XBB variants, EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3, with the previous on the right track to change into the dominant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant. Study: Immune Evasion and Membrane Fusion of SARS-CoV-2 XBB Subvariants EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3. Image Credit: Kateryna Kon\/Shutterstock.com *Necessary 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